Fake Operators and Equality

In Ruby, most operators are actually methods:

1 + 3
# is actually...
1.+(3)

4 == 4
# is actually...
4.==(4)

This is true for the operators bellow:

Operators	Description
`[]`, `[]=`	Collection element getter/setter
`**`	Exponential operator
`!`, `~`, `+`, `-`	Not, complement, unary plus and minus
`*`, `/`, `%`	Multiply, divide, and modulo
`+`, `-`	Plus, minus
`>>`, `<<`	Right and left shift
`&`	Bitwise "and"
`^`, `|`	Bitwise exclusive and inclusive "or"
`<=`, `<`, `>`, `>=`	Less than/equal to, etc
`<=>`, `==`, `===`, `!=`, `=~`, `!~`	Equality and pattern matching

Operators that are, in fact, methods, can be defined in custom classes¹ to change their default behaviors. For example we could compare two Person classes by their age. To do that, we could use the greater than operator (>) between two instances:

class Person
  def initialize(age)
    @age = age
  end

  def >(other_person)
    age > other_person.age
  end

  def ==(other_person)
    age == other_person.age
  end

  protected

  attr_reader :age
end

arthur = Person.new(44)
tommy  = Person.new(43)

arthur > tommy  # => true
arthur == tommy # => false

(Note the use of protected which is perfect for this use case.)

Now, defining == method gives us !=. This is not true for > though.

arthur != tommy # => true
arthur < tommy  # => NoMethodError (undefined method `<' for...

If we know we are going to use a lot of comparison, we can include the Comparable module to our class and define <=>. By doing this, we are effectively defining all comparison methods.

class Person
  include Comparable

  def initialize(age)
    @age = age
  end

  def <=>(other_person)
    age <=> other_person.age
  end

  protected

  attr_reader :age
end

arthur = Person.new(44)
tommy  = Person.new(43)

arthur > tommy  # => true
arthur < tommy  # => false
arthur == tommy # => false

---

For the sake of completeness, let’s add that there are also operators which are not methods (and thus, can’t be defined):

Operators	Description
`.`, `::`	Method/constant resolution operators
`&&`	Logical "and"
`||`	Logical "or"
`..`, `...`	Inclusive range, exclusive range
`?` `:`	Ternary if-then-else
`=`, `%=`, `/=`, `-=`, `+=`, `|=`, `&=`, `>>=`, `<<=`, `*=`, `&&=`, `||=`, `**=`, `{`	Assignment/shortcuts, block delimiter